Description: This is a photograph of a drawing of a Fort Laurens in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Fort Laurens was built in 1778 for a campaign to attack the British in Detroit. This fort was in the wilderness and supplying the garrison became a problem. The men survived on boiled moccasins and withstood a month long siege of British-led Indians. Fort Laurens was abandoned in 1779. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F02_016_001
Subjects: Tuscarawas County (Ohio); Fort Laurens (Ohio)
Places: Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The picture is a drawing of a wood fort. The fort is a square and in each corner is a cannon tower. Inside the fort, there are several men running with weapons and six buildings. A flagpole is at the center of the fort, which is situated at the top of a hill. Named in honor of Henry Laurens, then president of the Continental Congress, Fort Laurens was built in 1778 in an ill-fated campaign to attack the British at Detroit. Supplying this wilderness outpost was its downfall, as its starving garrison survived on boiled moccasins and withstood a month-long siege by British-led Indians. The fort was abandoned in 1779. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F01_032_001
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio)--History.; Fort Laurens (Ohio)
Places: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The caption reads: "Local N.Y.A. youth finishes stone entrance markers at the Fort Laurens Park." A sign next to the youth worker reads "USA work program NYA." The National Youth Administration was a part of the Works Progress Administration, developed to help youth learn a vocation. Both the youth and their families were paid for the work and job training. The NYA was in operation from 1935 to 1943. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F02_033_001
Subjects: Tuscarawas County (Ohio); NYA; Fort Laurens (Ohio)
Places: Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This engraving features a sketch of Fort McIntosh, which was established in 1778 near present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania. The log fort is situated on a bluff above the Ohio River, slightly less than a mile below the mouth of the Beaver River. Paths zigzag down the bluff to the river. The fort itself consists of logs placed horizontally; a flag attached to a flagpole is waving high above the palisade. A caption below the drawing reads: “View of Fort McIntosh.” The western wilderness played a major role in American, British, and American Indian strategy during the American Revolution. In May 1778, General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army, ordered Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh to establish a new fort in the Western Department, one of the regional divisions within the Continental Army. The Western Division included the area that would become the Northwest Territory, including the future state of Ohio. The French engineer who designed the fort, Chevalier DeCambray, named it in honor of its new commander. During the American Revolution, Fort McIntosh had the largest assembly of troops west of the Alleghenies. Originally the fort was intended to be the starting point for an offensive against the British garrison at Detroit and against the Wyandot Indians. At the time, most American Indians residing in the Ohio Country allied themselves with the British. Although they were neutral in the conflicts, the Christian Delaware Indians were among the few natives who were friendly to the Americans. During November 1778, McIntosh decided not to carry out his orders due to the winter months that lay ahead. Rather he decided to wait until the warmer spring months before conducting his attacks. Instead, he ordered the construction of a fort along the Tuscarawas River (Fort Laurens, near modern-day Bolivar, Ohio) to help his men survive the harsh winter weather. Fort Laurens was Ohio’s only Revolutionary War fort. In 1785 Fort McIntosh was the site of meeting where a treaty was signed by representatives of the Continental Congress and by American Indian tribal leaders from the Chippewa, Delaware, Ottawa, and Wyandot. They signed a treaty that surrendered control of American Indian lands in southern and eastern Ohio to the United States government. Most Indians rejected the validity of the treaty, and rather than improving relations, the Treaty of Fort McIntosh only intensified existing tensions between the United States government and the Indian tribes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06155
Subjects: McIntosh, Lachlan, 1725-1806; Treaties; Fortification--Pennsylvania; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Beaver (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Marker commemorating Fort Laurens, built in 1778 in an ill-fated campaign to attack the British at Detroit. It was located in Bolivar, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The photograph was taken ca. 1940-1949. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00417
Subjects: Memorials--Ohio; Ohio History--Military Ohio
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph of an American flag flying at the site of Fort Laurens, a Revolutionary War fort, near Bolivar, Ohio, November 1928. The fort was built in the fall of 1778 along the Tuscarawas River by the American army. American soldiers had been sent to the Ohio Country to defeat the Wyandot Indians, strong allies of the English, and to attack the British garrison at Detroit. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03614
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Ohio--History, Military; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph of the historical site of Fort Laurens, a Revolutionary War fort, near Bolivar, Ohio, November 1928. The fort was built in the fall of 1778 along the Tuscarawas River by the American army. American soldiers had been sent to the Ohio Country to defeat the Wyandot Indians, strong allies of the English, and to attack the British garrison at Detroit. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03615
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Ohio--History, Military; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The caption reads: "N.Y.A. youth learn by doing." They are building a stone wall at the entrance of Fort Laurens Park in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The National Youth Administration was a part of the Works Progress Administration, developed to help youth learn a vocation. Both the youth and their families received payment for the work and job training. The NYA was in operating from 1935 to 1943. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F02_030_001
Subjects: Tuscarawas County (Ohio); NYA
Places: Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: The plaque on the rock reads "In commemoration of our patriot ancestors who served with the 8th Pennsylvania and the 13th Virginia regiments at Fort Laurens from November 18 1778 - August 2, 1779. To assure that their sacrifice to the newly founded republic was not in vain, we pledge ourselves to maintain in perpetuity these United States of America. The Oho Society sons of the American Revolution dedicated in the bicentennial year, May 9 1976". The rock is in Carroll County, Ohio near the site where General Lachlan McIntosh and 1200 troops camped on November 13 and 14th 1778 on their way to build a fort to provide a base for a spring campaign on Fort Detroit. The fort, Fort Laurens, was built at the present day site of Bolivar, Ohio in Tuscarawas County. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06561
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Memorials--Ohio; Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
Places: Malvern (Ohio); Carroll County (Ohio); Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photographic copy of the Treaty of Greeneville, signed August 3, 1795, at Fort Greene Ville (the present site of Greenville, Ohio). On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_003_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: This image shows Fort Recovery, which stands on the spot where Fort St. Clair once stood.In December 1793, General Anthony Wayne ordered one United States artillery unit and eight infantry companies to the site of St. Clair's Defeat. The soldiers were to construct a fort on the former battlefield. Wayne intended to use this fort as a staging area for his assault against the region's American Indian tribes in the spring of 1794. He named the stockade Fort Recovery. Following the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, most American Indians realized they had little chance in stopping white settlement of their lands. In August 1795, many of the area's tribes agreed to sign the Treaty of Greeneville. They gave up all claims to land south and east of a line that extended south from Lake Erie, along the Cuyahoga River, to the Tuscarawas River, and then to Fort Laurens. From Fort Laurens, the line ran west to Fort Loramie, then northwest to Fort Recovery, and then straight south to the Ohio River. Anthony Wayne had secured from the American Indians the majority of modern-day Ohio with the exception of the northwestern corner of the state. The city of Fort Recovery, Ohio, stands today on the site of the frontier fort. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06521
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Fort St. Clair (Ohio); American frontier
Places: Fort Recovery (Ohio); Mercer County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads "Darke Co., Greenville, O., March 25, 1938. Facsimile of Wayne's Treaty (also see #28 and #29) On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_002_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)